This
article aims at listing the statistical results and statistical observation
obtained from the questionnaire. Upon completion of questionnaires, the
data collected were analyzed. Among the 49 questionnaire takers, 27 of them
considered themselves to be HCE speakers. Local HCE speakers showed a higher
level of both proficiency (M = 2.64, SD = 1.15)
and frequency (M = 2.50, SD = 1.34) in using HCE
than that of non-local HCE speakers (proficiency: M = 1.54, SD =
.52; frequency: M = 1.62, SD = .65).
Generally speaking, local HCE speakers possessed an intermediate to advanced
level of HCE and use the language quite often, while non-local speakers are
between beginner and intermediate level and only speak HCE at times.
In
terms of the occasions of speaking HCE, both the local and non-local groups had
a similar pattern in the usage of the creole language. They both showed a clear
tendency of speaking using HCE in certain situations than other occasions.
Regarding the local HCE speakers, the average points of frequency for speaking
the creole in the selected situations were as follows: “Work/Study” 1.00 (SD =
.88), “Wedding” 1.07 (SD = 1.27), “Family Gathering” 2.21 (SD =
1.67), “Classroom” 1.50 (SD = 1.34), and “Chatting with Friends”
3.00 (SD = 1.47). For the non-local HCE speakers, the average
points of frequency were as follows: “Work/Study” 1.15 (SD = 1.14),
“Wedding” .69 (SD = 1.03), “Family Gathering” 1.62 (SD =
1.50), “Classroom” 1.38 (SD = 1.12), and “Chatting with Friends”
2.54 (SD = 1.13). The results primarily proved that HCE speakers do
actually choose their code in relations to the situation that they are in,
regardless of the racial identity as suggested by the consistent pattern shared
by both local and non-local speakers.
The
five selected situations could be classified into two groups, the more formal
and more casual groups, in which “Work/Study”, “Wedding”, and “Classroom” were
considered to be the former, while “Family Gathering”, and “Chatting with
Friends” the latter. Both the local and non-local groups of HCE speakers
inclined to speak more of the creole in the informal occasions, especially when
chatting with friends. This was indicated by the relatively higher average
points of frequency in the two less formal occasions. Individual subjects even
claimed that they never spoke HCE in the more formal occasions.
In
the final section of the questionnaire, participants had to rate certain
statements about the relationship between HCE and their social identity, their
likings towards the creole and its use in the media and other social contexts.
Significant inter-group differences, which were defined by any difference
larger or equal to 0.25 points on average, did exist between the local and
non-local speakers on some of the statements and are shown as follows.
Statements
|
Local Speakers
|
Non-local Speakers
|
||
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
|
3) I
think people speaking Hawaiian is part of the local community.
|
3.57
|
1.16
|
3.92
|
.64
|
7) I
think Hawaiian Creole English can be used in many formal situations, e.g.
interviews etc.
|
2.00
|
.96
|
1.69
|
.85
|
8) I
am more attracted and persuaded to advertisements that use or incorporate
Hawaiian Creole English.
|
2.57
|
.85
|
2.31
|
.95
|
10) I
feel more attached to political slogans in Hawaiian Creole English.
|
2.71
|
.73
|
2.00
|
.91
|
11) I
think people should promote the use of Hawaiian Creole English in Hawaii.
|
2.93
|
1.00
|
2.62
|
.87
|
Apart
from these statements, others show similar results between the two groups of
HCE speakers. Both groups
held generally neutral attitudes towards speaking the creole itself (Local
Speakers (LS): M = 3.21, SD = .70;
Non-local Speakers (NLS): M = 3.08, SD = .64)
and other creole speakers (LS: M = 3.00, SD =
1.18; NLS: M = 2.92, SD = .86). They, as HCE
speakers, also held negative attitudes towards HCE education among the new
generation (LS: M = 2.64, SD = .93; NLS: M =
2.54, SD = .97) and did not feel targeted when HCE were used
in advertisements (LS: M = 2.43, SD = .85;
NLS: M = 2.38, SD = .87). The reasons of
the results and the similarities and differences between the two groups of
speakers would be accounted for in the discussion part.
Out
of 49 participants, 22 of them claimed to be non-HCE speakers. For the questionnaires,
they would only have to show responses to a number of statements as what
the group of HCE speakers did. There were a total of nine statements and the
participants indicated neutral attitudes towards over half of these statements,
in which the average points were ±0.25 around 3 (which is the point for average). However,
there was a tendency for them to agree on the following statements.
Statements
|
Non-speakers
|
|
Mean
(M)
|
Standard Deviation (SD)
|
|
1) I have
difficulties in understanding Hawaiian Creole English.
|
3.59
|
.73
|
4) I
don’t feel Hawaiian Creole English forms part of my identity.
|
3.82
|
1.18
|
Statements
|
Non-speakers
|
|
Mean
(M)
|
Standard Deviation (SD)
|
|
3) I feel
alienated when others are speaking Hawaiian Creole English around me.
|
2.64
|
1.00
|
6) I
feel less attracted and persuaded by advertisements that use or incorporate
Hawaiian Creole Engish.
|
2.73
|
.77
|
Again,
the results would be selected, explained and interpreted in the various
discussion blog articles with different topics.
Table 1: The Proficiency in Hawaiian Creole English (HCE) of Local and Non-local Speakers
Occasions
|
Local Speakers
|
Non-local Speakers
|
||
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
|
Proficiency in Hawaiian Creole English
|
2.64
|
1.15
|
1.54
|
.52
|
Table 2: The General Use of Hawaiian Creole English (HCE) of Local and Non-local Speakers
Local Speakers
|
Non-local Speakers
|
|||
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
|
General Use of Hawaiian Creole English
|
2.50
|
1.34
|
1.62
|
.65
|
Table 3: The Use of Hawaiian Creole English (HCE) under different occasions
Occasions
|
Local Speakers
|
Non-local Speakers
|
||
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
|
Work/Study
|
1.00
|
.88
|
1.15
|
1.14
|
Wedding
|
1.07
|
1.27
|
.69
|
1.03
|
Family Gathering
|
2.21
|
1.67
|
1.62
|
1.50
|
Classroom
|
1.50
|
1.34
|
1.38
|
1.12
|
Chat with Friends
|
3.00
|
1.47
|
2.54
|
1.13
|
Statements
|
Local Speakers
|
Non-local Speakers
|
||
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
|
1) I
expect Hawaiians can speak Hawaiian Creole English.
|
3.21
|
1.25
|
3.38
|
.96
|
2)
Hawaiian Creole English marks my identity as a local Hawaiian.
|
2.93
|
1.07
|
3.00
|
1.00
|
3) I
think people speaking Hawaiian is part of the local community.
|
3.57
|
1.16
|
3.92
|
.64
|
4) I
feel more friendly to those who speak Hawaiian Creole English.
|
3.00
|
1.18
|
2.92
|
.86
|
5) I
like speaking Hawaiian Creole English.
|
3.21
|
.70
|
3.08
|
.64
|
6) I
think Hawaiian children should learn Hawaiian Creole English.
|
2.64
|
.93
|
2.54
|
.97
|
7) I
think Hawaiian Creole English can be used in many formal situations, e.g.
interviews etc.
|
2.00
|
.96
|
1.69
|
.85
|
8) I
am more attracted and persuaded to advertisements that use or incorporate Hawaiian
Creole English.
|
2.57
|
.85
|
2.31
|
.95
|
9) I
feel I am targeted by advertisements that use or incorporate Hawaiian Creole
English.
|
2.43
|
.85
|
2.38
|
.87
|
10) I
feel more attached to political slogans in Hawaiian Creole English.
|
2.71
|
.73
|
2.00
|
.91
|
11) I
think people should promote the use of Hawaiian Creole English in Hawaii.
|
2.93
|
1.00
|
2.62
|
.87
|
Table 5: The Responses to the Statements of the Non-speakers
Statements
|
Non-Speakers
|
|
Mean
(M)
|
Standard
Deviation (SD)
|
|
1) I
have difficulties in understanding Hawaiian Creole English.
|
3.59
|
.73
|
2) I can
identify local Hawaiians by their Hawaiian Creole English.
|
3.23
|
1.38
|
3) I
feel alienated when others are speaking Hawaiian Creole English around me.
|
2.64
|
1.00
|
4) I
do not feel Hawaiian Creole English forms part of my identity.
|
3.82
|
1.18
|
5) I
want to learn Hawaiian Creole English for communicating with my local
Hawaiian friends.
|
3.00
|
1.07
|
6) I
feel less attracted and persuaded by advertisements that use or incorporate Hawaiian
Creole English.
|
2.73
|
.77
|
7) I
feel I am not targeted by advertisements that use or incorporate Hawaiian
Creole English.
|
2.95
|
1.13
|
8) I feel
less attached to political slogans in Hawaiian Creole English.
|
3.09
|
.92
|
9) I think
people should promote the use of Hawaiian Creole English.
|
3.23
|
.87
|
Figure 1: The Sample of the Questionnaire
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